Increasing demand for food production in the recent years has raised the usage of granular fertilizers.Consequently, the growing use of fertilizers has reduced the quality and quantity of crop production. In addition pollution problems such as soil and water (surface and subterranean water) contaminations has increased.Consistent spreading of fertilizers in the farmlands is of fundamental rules in conventional framings. In present study, the effects of the number and the arrangement (position) of blades of a single disk fertilizer distributer and for two different fertilizers were investigated in order to obtain optimized distribution of fertilizer. The tests were conducted in factorial arrangement and in a completely randomized model. The variables were the number of blades in three levels of 4, 6 and 8, the blade position angles (in two patterns of radial and non-radial) and the type of fertilizer (phosphate and nitrate). Statistical analysis of results indicated that the number of blades on the disk and type of fertilizer are not effective parameters in order to reach a consistent distribution pattern of fertilizer while the position of blades on the disk has significant influence for this purpose. The best pattern of distribution was obtained from the disk with four non-radial blades and nitrate fertilizer.

Background: The deviated nose is a challenging problem for the correction of which different approaches may be used. This study introduces a technique using an extended osteocartilaginous spreader graft from a/the quadrangular septum and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid. After performing medial osteotomy on the concave side, the nasal bone is lateralized and an extended osteocartilaginous spreader graft is inserted between the nasal bone and the septum to prevent further retraction of the concave side due to the fibrotic scar tissue. On the contralateral side, a low lateral osteotomy is performed as routine. Methods: The study was designed as a prospective follow-up of fifty-nine patients with deviated nose, who underwent corrective surgeries and were followed for six months to four years. The results were categorized as excellent, fair, and poor according to physical examinations, post-op photography, and patients’ satisfaction.Results: Forty-eight patients (81.3%) had excellent results. Fair improvement was detected in eight patients (13.6%), while only three patients (5.1%) were classified as poor results.Conclusion: An extended osteocartilaginous spreader graft accompanied with medial osteotomy and lateralizing the nasal bone on the concave side is a new technique with a high success rate for the correction of deviated noses.

Background and Aim: A proper root canal filling is accomplished by complete obturation of the root canal with an inert filling material. Therefore, the creation of an apical seal has been proposed as goals for a successful endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of spreader penetration depth on apical seal.Materials and Methods: Thirty- three canals were instrumented by step- back technique. In 12 canals, finger (F) spreader penetrated at 0.5 mm of the prepared length (group 1). In another 9 canals, F spreader penetrated at 1mm of the prepared length (group 2). After 24 hours, in 100% humidity, the roots, except for the 3 mm of apical part, were covered by nail polish. Six canals were not obturated as positive group and other six ones were completely covered by nail polish (negative controls). All roots were suspended in dye for 72 hours. The teeth were then cut longitudinally and apical leakage was measured and recorded. Data were subjected to t - test and Manu - whitney U test.Results: The mean dye penetration and standard deviation, in group 1, were 0.4492 and 0.209, respectively whereas those of group 2 were 1.2767 and 0.916, respectively. It was shown that average dye penetration in groups 1 was significantly less than that of group 2 (P<0.05).Conclusion: Considering the importance of a proper apical seal in a successful endodontic treatment, more spreader penetration depth in lateral condensation technique is recommended.

In this study, a software model was developed for the spreader unit of a centrifugal fertilizer and its spread performance was studied with different blade designs to recommend the best suitable blade for spreading of the pellet fertilizer. The blade designs include trapezoid, angled trapezoid, channel (U shape) and angle (L shape) that were compared with the control blade. In order to validate the software's results, a laboratory spreader device was fabricated based on a commercial centrifugal fertilizer machine. The spread pattern of the designed blades was investigated experimentally in a completely randomized design with three replications. The influence of blade design as the dependent variable, on Total Transverse Spreading Pattern (TTSP) and Coefficient of Variation (CV) as the dependent variables, was investigated to achieve the best design for blade in the experimental mode. Results showed that the trapezoid blade, among other blades, had the best spread performance with in the effective swath width during pellet spreading (CV=0. 18). Other blades were ranked as angle blade (CV=0. 29), channel blade (CV=0. 38), angled trapezoid blade (CV= 0. 57) and control blade (CV= 0. 64) respectively. This ranking observed for both numerical software and the experimental results. Investigation on adaptation and compatibility between the software model and experimental results showed that, for all blades designs, there were acceptable agreements between software model and experimental (R2 ≥ 0. 90).

Background: Mechanical articulated devices can replace the intervertebral disc in patients with chronic back degenerated pain. We would like to report our short-term experience with a disc prosthesis in a small group of L5-S1 disc degeneration. Methods: In a cohort study, 21 consecutive patients (17 males, 4 females) with degenerative L5-S1 disc disease with over 6 months history of disabling back symptoms non-responsive to conservative treatment were treated by disc prosthesis. The mean age was 36±5.7 years (22-48 years) at surgery and the average follow-up was 11 months (13-24 months). The cases were evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, Oswestry disability index (ODI) for disability, and also for personal satisfaction at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months post surgery. Results: Early improvement with pain control and return to function were seen in all patients (p<0.05). The improvement in later follow-ups was not statistically significant. The rate of satisfaction was 86 percent, and 81% drop in analgesic use was reported by the patients. No complication was encountered in this group. Conclusion: Disc arthroplasty in degenerated L5-S1 is a reasonable alternative to fusion surgery. In short-term, has a good success rate, without any major side effect.

BACKGROUND: Although the assignment and suturing of the spreader graft to the septum is a routine part of rhinoplasty, it is a time wasting procedure and some problems may occur. Rather, autospreader flap is a new method that the dorsal part of the upper lateral cartilage is used as its own graft. In the present study, we intended to compare the functional and aesthetic outcomes of these two techniques of rhinoplasty.METHODS: In a clinical trial, patients who referred to 15 Khordad Hospital for elective rhinoplasty during 2013-2014 were enrolled. The functional and aesthetic outcomes were compared between the two techniques of spreader graft and autospreader flap using rhinomanometry and satisfaction questionnaire in two stages before and one months after the surgery.RESULTS: Total nasal airway resistance increased significantly by both spreader graft and autospreader flap, but the difference between the two methods was not statistically significant. The total nasal flow before and after the surgery significantly decreased using both techniques, but this reduction was not significant between the two methods of surgery. When questioned about the satisfaction with the surgery outcomes, 18 subjects (36%) had complete aesthetic satisfaction, 25 (50%) were partial satisfied and 7 subjects (14%) were unsatisfied from aesthetic results. The rate of patient’s satisfaction in both groups was higher for functional outcome.Overall, 32 (64%) subjects were completely satisfied, 13 (26%) were partially satisfied and 5 (10%) subjects did not report satisfaction.Loss of respiratory function in both groups was inevitable due to short time post-operative period.CONCLUSION: Both spreader graft and autospreader flap techniques can be used in the preservation and restoration of the normal internal nasal valve angle, as well as restoration of dorsal aesthetic lines of the nasal dorsum.

Introduction: rupture of intervertebral disc material into the intradural compartment is a rare event, but lumbar disc disease must be considered in differential diagnosis of mass lesion causing nerve rootor cauda-equina syndromes. Any age group with the exception of children can be affected. The neurological symptoms and findings are generally more sever than lateral  Extradural disc herniation.The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of lumbar intradural disc rupture and describeits clinical and radiological presentation.Positive mechanical findings suggesting nerve root compression or distortion are found in 75% of these patients. Radiologic evaluation of the patient with suspected intradural disc herniation is most effectively done with a combination of myelography and CT scanning. The treatment of Intradural disc herniation is surgical removal. Methods: this descriptive study is from October 1997 to September 2002, 2308 patients (mean age: 45.6 years old) with lumbar disc herniation recognized by MRI and / or myelography or CT myelogram who underwent surgery were studied. Results: mean age for this disease has been 45.6 years and males are affected more than females in a ratio of 8 to 2. Neurological findings were motoric, sensory and sphincteric disorders. The most neurological complication was dropfoot. The short time results were good.Conclusion: Lumbar intradural disc herniation must be considered in differential diagnosis of intradural mass lesions. The worse the preoperative deficit, the less likely a postoperative recovery of neurological function, therefore the "time" is very important.